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This illustrates system structure and instantaneous power balance, not an electrical design or yield forecast. All power paths use AC-equivalent values so they can be summed. Battery charge stays at the chosen level; time evolution and backup duration are not modeled.

• Panels: 6 × 550 W = 3.30 kWp. Available power = 3.30 × sunlight fraction × 96%. Both inverter types use the same assumed efficiency to compare topology, not claim a production advantage.
• Central inverter / grid-former: assumed 5 kW. Battery: 10 kWh, with 3 kW AC-equivalent charge/discharge limits, discharge stopping at 20% and charging at 100%. Additional battery losses are not modeled.
• On-grid is solar-only without backup. Zero export is the default, assuming compatible curtailment control. Enabling export is an experiment, not confirmation of export rights.
• String off-grid uses an MPPT-equipped unit capable of supplying solar loads in sunlight. Micro off-grid is an AC-coupled example with compatible battery and grid-former. At 0% battery, AC cannot start. Systems that can start from sunlight alone are outside this example.
• Hybrid models self-consumption: solar supplies loads, then charges the battery, then exports if enabled. Shortfalls use the battery within its limits before importing utility power. No grid charging or battery exports are modeled.
• String hybrid uses a hybrid inverter with a DC battery. Micro hybrid uses compatible AC-side battery equipment. Backup is enabled by default, assuming isolation equipment and connected backup loads. During outages, no power crosses the utility connection and the load represents only backup circuits. Disabling backup stops output during an outage.
• Hybrid battery discharge stops at 20% in both normal and backup operation. A micro system at 0% charge can use the live utility grid to support solar operation but cannot start its backup circuit alone during an outage. Actual behavior depends on model and configuration.
• Per-panel shading, bypass diodes, temperature, startup surges, voltage, frequency, MPPT ranges and actual switching time are not modeled. “Unserved load” is power demand that must be reduced, not a claim that every appliance still runs partially.

Read the principles:Victron — AC coupling and power control, Victron — Grid-connected storage and backup, Enphase — Compatible equipment for off-grid systems andEnphase — Disconnection during abnormal grid conditions These sources explain principles, not approval of an installation design for Thailand. Information checked 27 September 2026.